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  168. <h1>Hadoop Cluster Setup</h1>
  169. <div id="minitoc-area">
  170. <ul class="minitoc">
  171. <li>
  172. <a href="#Purpose">Purpose</a>
  173. </li>
  174. <li>
  175. <a href="#Pre-requisites">Pre-requisites</a>
  176. </li>
  177. <li>
  178. <a href="#Installation">Installation</a>
  179. </li>
  180. <li>
  181. <a href="#Configuration">Configuration</a>
  182. <ul class="minitoc">
  183. <li>
  184. <a href="#Configuration+Files">Configuration Files</a>
  185. </li>
  186. <li>
  187. <a href="#Site+Configuration">Site Configuration</a>
  188. <ul class="minitoc">
  189. <li>
  190. <a href="#Configuring+the+Environment+of+the+Hadoop+Daemons">Configuring the Environment of the Hadoop Daemons</a>
  191. </li>
  192. <li>
  193. <a href="#Configuring+the+Hadoop+Daemons">Configuring the Hadoop Daemons</a>
  194. </li>
  195. <li>
  196. <a href="#Slaves">Slaves</a>
  197. </li>
  198. <li>
  199. <a href="#Logging">Logging</a>
  200. </li>
  201. </ul>
  202. </li>
  203. </ul>
  204. </li>
  205. <li>
  206. <a href="#Hadoop+Startup">Hadoop Startup</a>
  207. </li>
  208. <li>
  209. <a href="#Hadoop+Shutdown">Hadoop Shutdown</a>
  210. </li>
  211. </ul>
  212. </div>
  213. <a name="N1000D"></a><a name="Purpose"></a>
  214. <h2 class="h3">Purpose</h2>
  215. <div class="section">
  216. <p>This document describes how to install, configure and manage non-trivial
  217. Hadoop clusters ranging from a few nodes to extremely large clusters with
  218. thousands of nodes.</p>
  219. <p>If you are looking to install Hadoop on a single machine to play
  220. with it, you can find relevant details <a href="quickstart.html">here</a>.
  221. </p>
  222. </div>
  223. <a name="N1001E"></a><a name="Pre-requisites"></a>
  224. <h2 class="h3">Pre-requisites</h2>
  225. <div class="section">
  226. <ol>
  227. <li>
  228. Make sure all <a href="quickstart.html#PreReqs">requisite</a> software
  229. is installed on all nodes in your cluster.
  230. </li>
  231. <li>
  232. <a href="quickstart.html#Download">Get</a> the Hadoop software.
  233. </li>
  234. </ol>
  235. </div>
  236. <a name="N10036"></a><a name="Installation"></a>
  237. <h2 class="h3">Installation</h2>
  238. <div class="section">
  239. <p>Installing a Hadoop cluster typically involves unpacking the software
  240. on all the machines in the cluster.</p>
  241. <p>Typically one machine in the cluster is designated as the
  242. <span class="codefrag">NameNode</span> and another machine the as <span class="codefrag">JobTracker</span>,
  243. exclusively. These are the <em>masters</em>. The rest of the machines in
  244. the cluster act as both <span class="codefrag">DataNode</span> <em>and</em>
  245. <span class="codefrag">TaskTracker</span>. These are the <em>slaves</em>.</p>
  246. <p>The root of the distribution is referred to as
  247. <span class="codefrag">HADOOP_HOME</span>. All machines in the cluster usually have the same
  248. <span class="codefrag">HADOOP_HOME</span> path.</p>
  249. </div>
  250. <a name="N10061"></a><a name="Configuration"></a>
  251. <h2 class="h3">Configuration</h2>
  252. <div class="section">
  253. <p>The following sections describe how to configure a Hadoop cluster.</p>
  254. <a name="N1006A"></a><a name="Configuration+Files"></a>
  255. <h3 class="h4">Configuration Files</h3>
  256. <p>Hadoop configuration is driven by two important configuration files
  257. found in the <span class="codefrag">conf/</span> directory of the distribution:</p>
  258. <ol>
  259. <li>
  260. <a href="http://hadoop.apache.org/core/docs/current/hadoop-default.html">hadoop-default.xml</a> - Read-only
  261. default configuration.
  262. </li>
  263. <li>
  264. <em>hadoop-site.xml</em> - Site-specific configuration.
  265. </li>
  266. </ol>
  267. <p>To learn more about how the Hadoop framework is controlled by these
  268. configuration files, look
  269. <a href="api/org/apache/hadoop/conf/Configuration.html">here</a>.</p>
  270. <p>Additionally, you can control the Hadoop scripts found in the
  271. <span class="codefrag">bin/</span> directory of the distribution, by setting site-specific
  272. values via the <span class="codefrag">conf/hadoop-env.sh</span>.</p>
  273. <a name="N10097"></a><a name="Site+Configuration"></a>
  274. <h3 class="h4">Site Configuration</h3>
  275. <p>To configure the the Hadoop cluster you will need to configure the
  276. <em>environment</em> in which the Hadoop daemons execute as well as
  277. the <em>configuration parameters</em> for the Hadoop daemons.</p>
  278. <p>The Hadoop daemons are <span class="codefrag">NameNode</span>/<span class="codefrag">DataNode</span>
  279. and <span class="codefrag">JobTracker</span>/<span class="codefrag">TaskTracker</span>.</p>
  280. <a name="N100B5"></a><a name="Configuring+the+Environment+of+the+Hadoop+Daemons"></a>
  281. <h4>Configuring the Environment of the Hadoop Daemons</h4>
  282. <p>Administrators should use the <span class="codefrag">conf/hadoop-env.sh</span> script
  283. to do site-specific customization of the Hadoop daemons' process
  284. environment.</p>
  285. <p>At the very least you should specify the
  286. <span class="codefrag">JAVA_HOME</span> so that it is correctly defined on each
  287. remote node.</p>
  288. <p>Other useful configuration parameters that you can customize
  289. include:</p>
  290. <ul>
  291. <li>
  292. <span class="codefrag">HADOOP_LOG_DIR</span> - The directory where the daemons'
  293. log files are stored. They are automatically created if they don't
  294. exist.
  295. </li>
  296. <li>
  297. <span class="codefrag">HADOOP_HEAPSIZE</span> - The maximum amount of heapsize
  298. to use, in MB e.g. <span class="codefrag">2000MB</span>.
  299. </li>
  300. </ul>
  301. <a name="N100DD"></a><a name="Configuring+the+Hadoop+Daemons"></a>
  302. <h4>Configuring the Hadoop Daemons</h4>
  303. <p>This section deals with important parameters to be specified in the
  304. <span class="codefrag">conf/hadoop-site.xml</span> for the Hadoop cluster.</p>
  305. <table class="ForrestTable" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="4">
  306. <tr>
  307. <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Parameter</th>
  308. <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Value</th>
  309. <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Notes</th>
  310. </tr>
  311. <tr>
  312. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">fs.default.name</td>
  313. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">Hostname or IP address of <span class="codefrag">NameNode</span>.</td>
  314. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><em>host:port</em> pair.</td>
  315. </tr>
  316. <tr>
  317. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">mapred.job.tracker</td>
  318. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">Hostname or IP address of <span class="codefrag">JobTracker</span>.</td>
  319. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><em>host:port</em> pair.</td>
  320. </tr>
  321. <tr>
  322. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">dfs.name.dir</td>
  323. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  324. Path on the local filesystem where the <span class="codefrag">NameNode</span>
  325. stores the namespace and transactions logs persistently.</td>
  326. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  327. If this is a comma-delimited list of directories then the name
  328. table is replicated in all of the directories, for redundancy.
  329. </td>
  330. </tr>
  331. <tr>
  332. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">dfs.data.dir</td>
  333. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  334. Comma separated list of paths on the local filesystem of a
  335. <span class="codefrag">DataNode</span> where it should store its blocks.
  336. </td>
  337. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  338. If this is a comma-delimited list of directories, then data will
  339. be stored in all named directories, typically on different
  340. devices.
  341. </td>
  342. </tr>
  343. <tr>
  344. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">mapred.system.dir</td>
  345. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  346. Path on the HDFS where where the Map-Reduce framework stores
  347. system files e.g. <span class="codefrag">/hadoop/mapred/system/</span>.
  348. </td>
  349. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  350. This is in the default filesystem (HDFS) and must be accessible
  351. from both the server and client machines.
  352. </td>
  353. </tr>
  354. <tr>
  355. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">mapred.local.dir</td>
  356. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  357. Comma-separated list of paths on the local filesystem where
  358. temporary Map-Reduce data is written.
  359. </td>
  360. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">Multiple paths help spread disk i/o.</td>
  361. </tr>
  362. <tr>
  363. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">mapred.tasktracker.{map|reduce}.tasks.maximum</td>
  364. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  365. The maximum number of map/reduce tasks, which are run
  366. simultaneously on a given <span class="codefrag">TaskTracker</span>, individually.
  367. </td>
  368. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  369. Defaults to 2 (2 maps and 2 reduces), but vary it depending on
  370. your hardware.
  371. </td>
  372. </tr>
  373. <tr>
  374. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">dfs.hosts/dfs.hosts.exclude</td>
  375. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">List of permitted/excluded DataNodes.</td>
  376. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  377. If necessary, use these files to control the list of allowable
  378. datanodes.
  379. </td>
  380. </tr>
  381. <tr>
  382. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">mapred.hosts/mapred.hosts.exclude</td>
  383. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">List of permitted/excluded TaskTrackers.</td>
  384. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  385. If necessary, use these files to control the list of allowable
  386. tasktrackers.
  387. </td>
  388. </tr>
  389. </table>
  390. <p>Typically all the above parameters are marked as
  391. <a href="api/org/apache/hadoop/conf/Configuration.html#FinalParams">
  392. final</a> to ensure that they cannot be overriden by user-applications.
  393. </p>
  394. <a name="N101BD"></a><a name="Real-World+Cluster+Configurations"></a>
  395. <h5>Real-World Cluster Configurations</h5>
  396. <p>This section lists some non-default configuration parameters which
  397. have been used to run the <em>sort</em> benchmark on very large
  398. clusters.</p>
  399. <ul>
  400. <li>
  401. <p>Some non-default configuration values used to run sort900,
  402. that is 9TB of data sorted on a cluster with 900 nodes:</p>
  403. <table class="ForrestTable" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="4">
  404. <tr>
  405. <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Parameter</th>
  406. <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Value</th>
  407. <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Notes</th>
  408. </tr>
  409. <tr>
  410. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">dfs.block.size</td>
  411. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">134217728</td>
  412. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">HDFS blocksize of 128MB for large file-systems.</td>
  413. </tr>
  414. <tr>
  415. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">dfs.namenode.handler.count</td>
  416. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">40</td>
  417. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  418. More NameNode server threads to handle RPCs from large
  419. number of DataNodes.
  420. </td>
  421. </tr>
  422. <tr>
  423. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">mapred.reduce.parallel.copies</td>
  424. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">20</td>
  425. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  426. Higher number of parallel copies run by reduces to fetch
  427. outputs from very large number of maps.
  428. </td>
  429. </tr>
  430. <tr>
  431. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">mapred.child.java.opts</td>
  432. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">-Xmx512M</td>
  433. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  434. Larger heap-size for child jvms of maps/reduces.
  435. </td>
  436. </tr>
  437. <tr>
  438. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">fs.inmemory.size.mb</td>
  439. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">200</td>
  440. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  441. Larger amount of memory allocated for the in-memory
  442. file-system used to merge map-outputs at the reduces.
  443. </td>
  444. </tr>
  445. <tr>
  446. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">io.sort.factor</td>
  447. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">100</td>
  448. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">More streams merged at once while sorting files.</td>
  449. </tr>
  450. <tr>
  451. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">io.sort.mb</td>
  452. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">200</td>
  453. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">Higher memory-limit while sorting data.</td>
  454. </tr>
  455. <tr>
  456. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">io.file.buffer.size</td>
  457. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">131072</td>
  458. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">Size of read/write buffer used in SequenceFiles.</td>
  459. </tr>
  460. </table>
  461. </li>
  462. <li>
  463. <p>Updates to some configuration values to run sort1400 and
  464. sort2000, that is 14TB of data sorted on 1400 nodes and 20TB of
  465. data sorted on 2000 nodes:</p>
  466. <table class="ForrestTable" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="4">
  467. <tr>
  468. <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Parameter</th>
  469. <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Value</th>
  470. <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Notes</th>
  471. </tr>
  472. <tr>
  473. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">mapred.job.tracker.handler.count</td>
  474. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">60</td>
  475. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  476. More JobTracker server threads to handle RPCs from large
  477. number of TaskTrackers.
  478. </td>
  479. </tr>
  480. <tr>
  481. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">mapred.reduce.parallel.copies</td>
  482. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">50</td>
  483. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td>
  484. </tr>
  485. <tr>
  486. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">tasktracker.http.threads</td>
  487. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">50</td>
  488. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  489. More worker threads for the TaskTracker's http server. The
  490. http server is used by reduces to fetch intermediate
  491. map-outputs.
  492. </td>
  493. </tr>
  494. <tr>
  495. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">mapred.child.java.opts</td>
  496. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">-Xmx1024M</td>
  497. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td>
  498. </tr>
  499. </table>
  500. </li>
  501. </ul>
  502. <a name="N102DA"></a><a name="Slaves"></a>
  503. <h4>Slaves</h4>
  504. <p>Typically you choose one machine in the cluster to act as the
  505. <span class="codefrag">NameNode</span> and one machine as to act as the
  506. <span class="codefrag">JobTracker</span>, exclusively. The rest of the machines act as
  507. both a <span class="codefrag">DataNode</span> and <span class="codefrag">TaskTracker</span> and are
  508. referred to as <em>slaves</em>.</p>
  509. <p>List all slave hostnames or IP addresses in your
  510. <span class="codefrag">conf/slaves</span> file, one per line.</p>
  511. <a name="N102F9"></a><a name="Logging"></a>
  512. <h4>Logging</h4>
  513. <p>Hadoop uses the <a href="http://logging.apache.org/log4j/">Apache
  514. log4j</a> via the <a href="http://commons.apache.org/logging/">Apache
  515. Commons Logging</a> framework for logging. Edit the
  516. <span class="codefrag">conf/log4j.properties</span> file to customize the Hadoop
  517. daemons' logging configuration (log-formats and so on).</p>
  518. <p>Once all the necessary configuration is complete, distribute the files
  519. to the <span class="codefrag">HADOOP_CONF_DIR</span> directory on all the machines,
  520. typically <span class="codefrag">${HADOOP_HOME}/conf</span>.</p>
  521. </div>
  522. <a name="N10319"></a><a name="Hadoop+Startup"></a>
  523. <h2 class="h3">Hadoop Startup</h2>
  524. <div class="section">
  525. <p>To start a Hadoop cluster you will need to start both the HDFS and
  526. Map-Reduce cluster.</p>
  527. <p>
  528. Format a new distributed filesystem:<br>
  529. <span class="codefrag">$ bin/hadoop namenode -format</span>
  530. </p>
  531. <p>
  532. Start the HDFS with the following command, run on the designated
  533. <span class="codefrag">NameNode</span>:<br>
  534. <span class="codefrag">$ bin/start-dfs.sh</span>
  535. </p>
  536. <p>The <span class="codefrag">bin/start-dfs.sh</span> script also consults the
  537. <span class="codefrag">${HADOOP_CONF_DIR}/slaves</span> file on the <span class="codefrag">NameNode</span>
  538. and starts the <span class="codefrag">DataNode</span> daemon on all the listed slaves.</p>
  539. <p>
  540. Start Map-Reduce with the following command, run on the designated
  541. <span class="codefrag">JobTracker</span>:<br>
  542. <span class="codefrag">$ bin/start-mapred.sh</span>
  543. </p>
  544. <p>The <span class="codefrag">bin/start-mapred.sh</span> script also consults the
  545. <span class="codefrag">${HADOOP_CONF_DIR}/slaves</span> file on the <span class="codefrag">JobTracker</span>
  546. and starts the <span class="codefrag">TaskTracker</span> daemon on all the listed slaves.
  547. </p>
  548. </div>
  549. <a name="N1035F"></a><a name="Hadoop+Shutdown"></a>
  550. <h2 class="h3">Hadoop Shutdown</h2>
  551. <div class="section">
  552. <p>
  553. Stop HDFS with the following command, run on the designated
  554. <span class="codefrag">NameNode</span>:<br>
  555. <span class="codefrag">$ bin/stop-dfs.sh</span>
  556. </p>
  557. <p>The <span class="codefrag">bin/stop-dfs.sh</span> script also consults the
  558. <span class="codefrag">${HADOOP_CONF_DIR}/slaves</span> file on the <span class="codefrag">NameNode</span>
  559. and stops the <span class="codefrag">DataNode</span> daemon on all the listed slaves.</p>
  560. <p>
  561. Stop Map-Reduce with the following command, run on the designated
  562. the designated <span class="codefrag">JobTracker</span>:<br>
  563. <span class="codefrag">$ bin/stop-mapred.sh</span>
  564. <br>
  565. </p>
  566. <p>The <span class="codefrag">bin/stop-mapred.sh</span> script also consults the
  567. <span class="codefrag">${HADOOP_CONF_DIR}/slaves</span> file on the <span class="codefrag">JobTracker</span>
  568. and stops the <span class="codefrag">TaskTracker</span> daemon on all the listed slaves.</p>
  569. </div>
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