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<h1>Hadoop快速入门</h1>
<div id="minitoc-area">
<ul class="minitoc">
<li>
<a href="#%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84">目的</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#PreReqs">先决条件</a>
<ul class="minitoc">
<li>
<a href="#%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0">支持平台</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#%E6%89%80%E9%9C%80%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6">所需软件</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6">安装软件</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#%E4%B8%8B%E8%BD%BD">下载</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#%E8%BF%90%E8%A1%8CHadoop%E9%9B%86%E7%BE%A4%E7%9A%84%E5%87%86%E5%A4%87%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C">运行Hadoop集群的准备工作</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#Local">单机模式的操作方法</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#PseudoDistributed">伪分布式模式的操作方法</a>
<ul class="minitoc">
<li>
<a href="#%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE">配置</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#%E5%85%8D%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81">免密码ssh设置</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#%E6%89%A7%E8%A1%8C">执行</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#FullyDistributed">完全分布式模式的操作方法</a>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
  
    
<a name="N1000D"></a><a name="%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84"></a>
<h2 class="h3">目的</h2>
<div class="section">
<p>这篇文档的目的是帮助你快速完成单机上的Hadoop安装与使用以便你对<a href="hdfs_design.html">Hadoop分布式文件系统(<acronym title="Hadoop Distributed File System">HDFS</acronym>)</a>和Map-Reduce框架有所体会，比如在HDFS上运行示例程序或简单作业等。</p>
</div>
    
<a name="N1001F"></a><a name="PreReqs"></a>
<h2 class="h3">先决条件</h2>
<div class="section">
<a name="N10025"></a><a name="%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0"></a>
<h3 class="h4">支持平台</h3>
<ul>
          
<li>
                GNU/Linux是产品开发和运行的平台。
	        Hadoop已在有2000个节点的GNU/Linux主机组成的集群系统上得到验证。
          </li>
          
<li>
            Win32平台是作为<em>开发平台</em>支持的。由于分布式操作尚未在Win32平台上充分测试，所以还不作为一个<em>生产平台</em>被支持。
          </li>
        
</ul>
<a name="N1003B"></a><a name="%E6%89%80%E9%9C%80%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6"></a>
<h3 class="h4">所需软件</h3>
<p>Linux和Windows所需软件包括:</p>
<ol>
          
<li>
            Java<sup>TM</sup>1.5.x，必须安装，建议选择Sun公司发行的Java版本。
          </li>
          
<li>
            
<strong>ssh</strong> 必须安装并且保证 <strong>sshd</strong>一直运行，以便用Hadoop
	    脚本管理远端Hadoop守护进程。
          </li>
        
</ol>
<p>Windows下的附加软件需求</p>
<ol>
            
<li>
              
<a href="http://www.cygwin.com/">Cygwin</a> - 提供上述软件之外的shell支持。 
            </li>
          
</ol>
<a name="N10064"></a><a name="%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%85%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6"></a>
<h3 class="h4">安装软件</h3>
<p>如果你的集群尚未安装所需软件，你得首先安装它们。</p>
<p>以Ubuntu Linux为例:</p>
<p>
          
<span class="codefrag">$ sudo apt-get install ssh</span>
<br>
          
<span class="codefrag">$ sudo apt-get install rsync</span>
        
</p>
<p>在Windows平台上，如果安装cygwin时未安装全部所需软件，则需启动cyqwin安装管理器安装如下软件包：</p>
<ul>
          
<li>openssh - <em>Net</em> 类</li>
        
</ul>
</div>
    
    
<a name="N10088"></a><a name="%E4%B8%8B%E8%BD%BD"></a>
<h2 class="h3">下载</h2>
<div class="section">
<p>
        为了获取Hadoop的发行版，从Apache的某个镜像服务器上下载最近的
        <a href="http://hadoop.apache.org/core/releases.html">稳定发行版</a>。</p>
</div>

    
<a name="N10096"></a><a name="%E8%BF%90%E8%A1%8CHadoop%E9%9B%86%E7%BE%A4%E7%9A%84%E5%87%86%E5%A4%87%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C"></a>
<h2 class="h3">运行Hadoop集群的准备工作</h2>
<div class="section">
<p>
        解压所下载的Hadoop发行版。编辑
        <span class="codefrag">conf/hadoop-env.sh</span>文件，至少需要将<span class="codefrag">JAVA_HOME</span>设置为Java安装根路径。
      </p>
<p>
	    尝试如下命令：<br>
        
<span class="codefrag">$ bin/hadoop</span>
<br>
        将会显示<strong>hadoop</strong> 脚本的使用文档。
      </p>
<p>现在你可以用以下三种支持的模式中的一种启动Hadoop集群：
      </p>
<ul>
        
<li>单机模式</li>
        
<li>伪分布式模式</li>
        
<li>完全分布式模式</li>
      
</ul>
</div>
    
    
<a name="N100C1"></a><a name="Local"></a>
<h2 class="h3">单机模式的操作方法</h2>
<div class="section">
<p>默认情况下，Hadoop被配置成以非分布式模式运行的一个独立Java进程。这对调试非常有帮助。</p>
<p>
        下面的实例将已解压的 <span class="codefrag">conf</span> 目录拷贝作为输入，查找并显示匹配给定正则表达式的条目。输出写入到指定的<span class="codefrag">output</span>目录。
        <br>
        
<span class="codefrag">$ mkdir input</span>
<br>
        
<span class="codefrag">$ cp conf/*.xml input</span>
<br>
        
<span class="codefrag">
          $ bin/hadoop jar hadoop-*-examples.jar grep input output 'dfs[a-z.]+'
        </span>
<br>
        
<span class="codefrag">$ cat output/*</span>
      
</p>
</div>
    
    
<a name="N100E5"></a><a name="PseudoDistributed"></a>
<h2 class="h3">伪分布式模式的操作方法</h2>
<div class="section">
<p>Hadoop可以在单节点上以所谓的伪分布式模式运行，此时每一个Hadoop守护进程都作为一个独立的Java进程运行。</p>
<a name="N100EE"></a><a name="%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE"></a>
<h3 class="h4">配置</h3>
<p>使用如下的 <span class="codefrag">conf/hadoop-site.xml</span>:</p>
<table class="ForrestTable" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="4">
        
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1">&lt;configuration&gt;</td>
</tr>

          
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;property&gt;</td>
</tr>
            
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;name&gt;fs.default.name&lt;/name&gt;</td>
</tr>
            
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;value&gt;localhost:9000&lt;/value&gt;</td>
</tr>
          
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;/property&gt;</td>
</tr>

          
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;property&gt;</td>
</tr>
            
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;name&gt;mapred.job.tracker&lt;/name&gt;</td>
</tr>
            
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;value&gt;localhost:9001&lt;/value&gt;</td>
</tr>
          
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;/property&gt;</td>
</tr>

          
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;property&gt;</td>
</tr>
            
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;name&gt;dfs.replication&lt;/name&gt;</td>
</tr>
            
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;value&gt;1&lt;/value&gt;</td>
</tr>
          
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;/property&gt;</td>
</tr>

        
<tr>
<td colspan="1" rowspan="1">&lt;/configuration&gt;</td>
</tr>
        
</table>
<a name="N10152"></a><a name="%E5%85%8D%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81"></a>
<h3 class="h4">免密码ssh设置</h3>
<p>
          现在确认能否不输入口令就用ssh登录localhost:<br>
          
<span class="codefrag">$ ssh localhost</span>
        
</p>
<p>
          如果不输入口令就无法用ssh登陆localhost，执行下面的命令：<br>
   		  
<span class="codefrag">$ ssh-keygen -t dsa -P '' -f ~/.ssh/id_dsa</span>
<br>
		  
<span class="codefrag">$ cat ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub &gt;&gt; ~/.ssh/authorized_keys</span>
		
</p>
<a name="N10170"></a><a name="%E6%89%A7%E8%A1%8C"></a>
<h3 class="h4">执行</h3>
<p>
          格式化一个新的分布式文件系统：<br>
          
<span class="codefrag">$ bin/hadoop namenode -format</span>
        
</p>
<p>
		  启动Hadoop守护进程：<br>
          
<span class="codefrag">$ bin/start-all.sh</span>
        
</p>
<p>Hadoop守护进程的日志写入到 
        <span class="codefrag">${HADOOP_LOG_DIR}</span> 目录 (默认是 
        <span class="codefrag">${HADOOP_HOME}/logs</span>).</p>
<p>浏览NameNode和JobTracker的网络接口，它们的地址默认为：</p>
<ul>
          
<li>
            
<span class="codefrag">NameNode</span> - 
            <a href="http://localhost:50070/">http://localhost:50070/</a>
          
</li>
          
<li>
            
<span class="codefrag">JobTracker</span> - 
            <a href="http://localhost:50030/">http://localhost:50030/</a>
          
</li>
        
</ul>
<p>
          将输入文件拷贝到分布式文件系统：<br>
		  
<span class="codefrag">$ bin/hadoop fs -put conf input</span>
		
</p>
<p>
          运行发行版提供的示例程序：<br>
          
<span class="codefrag">
            $ bin/hadoop jar hadoop-*-examples.jar grep input output 'dfs[a-z.]+'
          </span>
        
</p>
<p>查看输出文件：</p>
<p>
          将输出文件从分布式文件系统拷贝到本地文件系统查看：<br>
          
<span class="codefrag">$ bin/hadoop fs -get output output</span>
<br>
          
<span class="codefrag">$ cat output/*</span>
        
</p>
<p> 或者 </p>
<p>
          在分布式文件系统上查看输出文件：<br>
          
<span class="codefrag">$ bin/hadoop fs -cat output/*</span>
        
</p>
<p>
		  完成全部操作后，停止守护进程：<br>
		  
<span class="codefrag">$ bin/stop-all.sh</span>
		
</p>
</div>
    
    
<a name="N101DD"></a><a name="FullyDistributed"></a>
<h2 class="h3">完全分布式模式的操作方法</h2>
<div class="section">
<p>关于搭建完全分布式模式的，有实际意义的集群的资料可以在<a href="cluster_setup.html">这里</a>找到。</p>
</div>
    
    
<p>
	    
<em>Java与JNI是Sun Microsystems, Inc.在美国以及其他国家地区的商标或注册商标。</em>
    
</p>
    
  
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