cluster_setup.html 23 KB

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  156. <h1>Hadoop Cluster Setup</h1>
  157. <div id="minitoc-area">
  158. <ul class="minitoc">
  159. <li>
  160. <a href="#Purpose">Purpose</a>
  161. </li>
  162. <li>
  163. <a href="#Pre-requisites">Pre-requisites</a>
  164. </li>
  165. <li>
  166. <a href="#Installation">Installation</a>
  167. </li>
  168. <li>
  169. <a href="#Configuration">Configuration</a>
  170. <ul class="minitoc">
  171. <li>
  172. <a href="#Configuration+Files">Configuration Files</a>
  173. </li>
  174. <li>
  175. <a href="#Site+Configuration">Site Configuration</a>
  176. <ul class="minitoc">
  177. <li>
  178. <a href="#Configuring+the+Environment+of+the+Hadoop+Daemons">Configuring the Environment of the Hadoop Daemons</a>
  179. </li>
  180. <li>
  181. <a href="#Configuring+the+Hadoop+Daemons">Configuring the Hadoop Daemons</a>
  182. </li>
  183. <li>
  184. <a href="#Slaves">Slaves</a>
  185. </li>
  186. <li>
  187. <a href="#Logging">Logging</a>
  188. </li>
  189. </ul>
  190. </li>
  191. </ul>
  192. </li>
  193. <li>
  194. <a href="#Hadoop+Startup">Hadoop Startup</a>
  195. </li>
  196. <li>
  197. <a href="#Hadoop+Shutdown">Hadoop Shutdown</a>
  198. </li>
  199. </ul>
  200. </div>
  201. <a name="N1000C"></a><a name="Purpose"></a>
  202. <h2 class="h3">Purpose</h2>
  203. <div class="section">
  204. <p>This document describes how to install, configure and manage non-trivial
  205. Hadoop clusters ranging from a few nodes to extremely large clusters with
  206. thousands of nodes.</p>
  207. <p>If you are looking to install Hadoop on a single machine to play
  208. with it, you can find relevant details <a href="quickstart.html">here</a>.
  209. </p>
  210. </div>
  211. <a name="N1001D"></a><a name="Pre-requisites"></a>
  212. <h2 class="h3">Pre-requisites</h2>
  213. <div class="section">
  214. <ol>
  215. <li>
  216. Make sure all <a href="quickstart.html#PreReqs">requisite</a> software
  217. is installed on all nodes in your cluster.
  218. </li>
  219. <li>
  220. <a href="quickstart.html#Download">Get</a> the Hadoop software.
  221. </li>
  222. </ol>
  223. </div>
  224. <a name="N10035"></a><a name="Installation"></a>
  225. <h2 class="h3">Installation</h2>
  226. <div class="section">
  227. <p>Installing a Hadoop cluster typically involves unpacking the software
  228. on all the machines in the cluster.</p>
  229. <p>Typically one machine in the cluster is designated as the
  230. <span class="codefrag">NameNode</span> and another machine the as <span class="codefrag">JobTracker</span>,
  231. exclusively. These are the <em>masters</em>. The rest of the machines in
  232. the cluster act as both <span class="codefrag">DataNode</span> <em>and</em>
  233. <span class="codefrag">TaskTracker</span>. These are the <em>slaves</em>.</p>
  234. <p>The root of the distribution is referred to as
  235. <span class="codefrag">HADOOP_HOME</span>. All machines in the cluster usually have the same
  236. <span class="codefrag">HADOOP_HOME</span> path.</p>
  237. </div>
  238. <a name="N10060"></a><a name="Configuration"></a>
  239. <h2 class="h3">Configuration</h2>
  240. <div class="section">
  241. <p>The following sections describe how to configure a Hadoop cluster.</p>
  242. <a name="N10069"></a><a name="Configuration+Files"></a>
  243. <h3 class="h4">Configuration Files</h3>
  244. <p>Hadoop configuration is driven by two important configuration files
  245. found in the <span class="codefrag">conf/</span> directory of the distribution:</p>
  246. <ol>
  247. <li>
  248. <a href="http://lucene.apache.org/hadoop/hadoop-default.html">hadoop-default.xml</a> - Read-only
  249. default configuration.
  250. </li>
  251. <li>
  252. <em>hadoop-site.xml</em> - Site-specific configuration.
  253. </li>
  254. </ol>
  255. <p>To learn more about how the Hadoop framework is controlled by these
  256. configuration files, look
  257. <a href="api/org/apache/hadoop/conf/Configuration.html">here</a>.</p>
  258. <p>Additionally, you can control the Hadoop scripts found in the
  259. <span class="codefrag">bin/</span> directory of the distribution, by setting site-specific
  260. values via the <span class="codefrag">conf/hadoop-env.sh</span>.</p>
  261. <a name="N10096"></a><a name="Site+Configuration"></a>
  262. <h3 class="h4">Site Configuration</h3>
  263. <p>To configure the the Hadoop cluster you will need to configure the
  264. <em>environment</em> in which the Hadoop daemons execute as well as
  265. the <em>configuration parameters</em> for the Hadoop daemons.</p>
  266. <p>The Hadoop daemons are <span class="codefrag">NameNode</span>/<span class="codefrag">DataNode</span>
  267. and <span class="codefrag">JobTracker</span>/<span class="codefrag">TaskTracker</span>.</p>
  268. <a name="N100B4"></a><a name="Configuring+the+Environment+of+the+Hadoop+Daemons"></a>
  269. <h4>Configuring the Environment of the Hadoop Daemons</h4>
  270. <p>Administrators should use the <span class="codefrag">conf/hadoop-env.sh</span> script
  271. to do site-specific customization of the Hadoop daemons' process
  272. environment.</p>
  273. <p>At the very least you should specify the
  274. <span class="codefrag">JAVA_HOME</span> so that it is correctly defined on each
  275. remote node.</p>
  276. <p>Other useful configuration parameters that you can customize
  277. include:</p>
  278. <ul>
  279. <li>
  280. <span class="codefrag">HADOOP_LOG_DIR</span> - The directory where the daemons'
  281. log files are stored. They are automatically created if they don't
  282. exist.
  283. </li>
  284. <li>
  285. <span class="codefrag">HADOOP_HEAPSIZE</span> - The maximum amount of heapsize
  286. to use, in MB e.g. <span class="codefrag">2000MB</span>.
  287. </li>
  288. </ul>
  289. <a name="N100DC"></a><a name="Configuring+the+Hadoop+Daemons"></a>
  290. <h4>Configuring the Hadoop Daemons</h4>
  291. <p>This section deals with important parameters to be specified in the
  292. <span class="codefrag">conf/hadoop-site.xml</span> for the Hadoop cluster.</p>
  293. <table class="ForrestTable" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="4">
  294. <tr>
  295. <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Parameter</th>
  296. <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Value</th>
  297. <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Notes</th>
  298. </tr>
  299. <tr>
  300. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">fs.default.name</td>
  301. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">Hostname or IP address of <span class="codefrag">NameNode</span>.</td>
  302. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><em>host:port</em> pair.</td>
  303. </tr>
  304. <tr>
  305. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">mapred.job.tracker</td>
  306. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">Hostname or IP address of <span class="codefrag">JobTracker</span>.</td>
  307. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"><em>host:port</em> pair.</td>
  308. </tr>
  309. <tr>
  310. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">dfs.name.dir</td>
  311. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  312. Path on the local filesystem where the <span class="codefrag">NameNode</span>
  313. stores the namespace and transactions logs persistently.</td>
  314. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  315. If this is a comma-delimited list of directories then the name
  316. table is replicated in all of the directories, for redundancy.
  317. </td>
  318. </tr>
  319. <tr>
  320. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">dfs.data.dir</td>
  321. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  322. Comma separated list of paths on the local filesystem of a
  323. <span class="codefrag">DataNode</span> where it should store its blocks.
  324. </td>
  325. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  326. If this is a comma-delimited list of directories, then data will
  327. be stored in all named directories, typically on different
  328. devices.
  329. </td>
  330. </tr>
  331. <tr>
  332. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">mapred.system.dir</td>
  333. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  334. Path on the HDFS where where the Map-Reduce framework stores
  335. system files e.g. <span class="codefrag">/hadoop/mapred/system/</span>.
  336. </td>
  337. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  338. This is in the default filesystem (HDFS) and must be accessible
  339. from both the server and client machines.
  340. </td>
  341. </tr>
  342. <tr>
  343. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">mapred.local.dir</td>
  344. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  345. Comma-separated list of paths on the local filesystem where
  346. temporary Map-Reduce data is written.
  347. </td>
  348. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">Multiple paths help spread disk i/o.</td>
  349. </tr>
  350. <tr>
  351. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">mapred.tasktracker.tasks.maximum</td>
  352. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  353. The maximum number of map and reduce tasks, which are run
  354. simultaneously on a given <span class="codefrag">TaskTracker</span>, individually.
  355. </td>
  356. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  357. Defaults to 2 (2 maps and 2 reduces), but vary it depending on
  358. your hardware.
  359. </td>
  360. </tr>
  361. <tr>
  362. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">dfs.hosts/dfs.hosts.exclude</td>
  363. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">List of permitted/excluded DataNodes.</td>
  364. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  365. If necessary, use these files to control the list of allowable
  366. datanodes.
  367. </td>
  368. </tr>
  369. <tr>
  370. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">mapred.hosts/mapred.hosts.exclude</td>
  371. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">List of permitted/excluded TaskTrackers.</td>
  372. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  373. If necessary, use these files to control the list of allowable
  374. tasktrackers.
  375. </td>
  376. </tr>
  377. </table>
  378. <p>Typically all the above parameters are marked as
  379. <a href="api/org/apache/hadoop/conf/Configuration.html#FinalParams">
  380. final</a> to ensure that they cannot be overriden by user-applications.
  381. </p>
  382. <a name="N101BC"></a><a name="Real-World+Cluster+Configurations"></a>
  383. <h5>Real-World Cluster Configurations</h5>
  384. <p>This section lists some non-default configuration parameters which
  385. have been used to run the <em>sort</em> benchmark on very large
  386. clusters.</p>
  387. <ul>
  388. <li>
  389. <p>Some non-default configuration values used to run sort900,
  390. that is 9TB of data sorted on a cluster with 900 nodes:</p>
  391. <table class="ForrestTable" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="4">
  392. <tr>
  393. <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Parameter</th>
  394. <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Value</th>
  395. <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Notes</th>
  396. </tr>
  397. <tr>
  398. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">dfs.block.size</td>
  399. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">134217728</td>
  400. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">HDFS blocksize of 128MB for large file-systems.</td>
  401. </tr>
  402. <tr>
  403. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">dfs.namenode.handler.count</td>
  404. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">40</td>
  405. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  406. More NameNode server threads to handle RPCs from large
  407. number of DataNodes.
  408. </td>
  409. </tr>
  410. <tr>
  411. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">mapred.reduce.parallel.copies</td>
  412. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">20</td>
  413. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  414. Higher number of parallel copies run by reduces to fetch
  415. outputs from very large number of maps.
  416. </td>
  417. </tr>
  418. <tr>
  419. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">mapred.child.java.opts</td>
  420. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">-Xmx512M</td>
  421. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  422. Larger heap-size for child jvms of maps/reduces.
  423. </td>
  424. </tr>
  425. <tr>
  426. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">fs.inmemory.size.mb</td>
  427. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">200</td>
  428. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  429. Larger amount of memory allocated for the in-memory
  430. file-system used to merge map-outputs at the reduces.
  431. </td>
  432. </tr>
  433. <tr>
  434. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">io.sort.factor</td>
  435. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">100</td>
  436. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">More streams merged at once while sorting files.</td>
  437. </tr>
  438. <tr>
  439. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">io.sort.mb</td>
  440. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">200</td>
  441. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">Higher memory-limit while sorting data.</td>
  442. </tr>
  443. <tr>
  444. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">io.file.buffer.size</td>
  445. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">131072</td>
  446. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">Size of read/write buffer used in SequenceFiles.</td>
  447. </tr>
  448. </table>
  449. </li>
  450. <li>
  451. <p>Updates to some configuration values to run sort1400 and
  452. sort2000, that is 14TB of data sorted on 1400 nodes and 20TB of
  453. data sorted on 2000 nodes:</p>
  454. <table class="ForrestTable" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="4">
  455. <tr>
  456. <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Parameter</th>
  457. <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Value</th>
  458. <th colspan="1" rowspan="1">Notes</th>
  459. </tr>
  460. <tr>
  461. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">mapred.job.tracker.handler.count</td>
  462. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">60</td>
  463. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  464. More JobTracker server threads to handle RPCs from large
  465. number of TaskTrackers.
  466. </td>
  467. </tr>
  468. <tr>
  469. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">mapred.reduce.parallel.copies</td>
  470. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">50</td>
  471. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td>
  472. </tr>
  473. <tr>
  474. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">tasktracker.http.threads</td>
  475. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">50</td>
  476. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">
  477. More worker threads for the TaskTracker's http server. The
  478. http server is used by reduces to fetch intermediate
  479. map-outputs.
  480. </td>
  481. </tr>
  482. <tr>
  483. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">mapred.child.java.opts</td>
  484. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1">-Xmx1024M</td>
  485. <td colspan="1" rowspan="1"></td>
  486. </tr>
  487. </table>
  488. </li>
  489. </ul>
  490. <a name="N102D9"></a><a name="Slaves"></a>
  491. <h4>Slaves</h4>
  492. <p>Typically you choose one machine in the cluster to act as the
  493. <span class="codefrag">NameNode</span> and one machine as to act as the
  494. <span class="codefrag">JobTracker</span>, exclusively. The rest of the machines act as
  495. both a <span class="codefrag">DataNode</span> and <span class="codefrag">TaskTracker</span> and are
  496. referred to as <em>slaves</em>.</p>
  497. <p>List all slave hostnames or IP addresses in your
  498. <span class="codefrag">conf/slaves</span> file, one per line.</p>
  499. <a name="N102F8"></a><a name="Logging"></a>
  500. <h4>Logging</h4>
  501. <p>Hadoop uses the <a href="http://logging.apache.org/log4j/">Apache
  502. log4j</a> via the <a href="http://commons.apache.org/logging/">Apache
  503. Commons Logging</a> framework for logging. Edit the
  504. <span class="codefrag">conf/log4j.properties</span> file to customize the Hadoop
  505. daemons' logging configuration (log-formats and so on).</p>
  506. <p>Once all the necessary configuration is complete, distribute the files
  507. to the <span class="codefrag">HADOOP_CONF_DIR</span> directory on all the machines,
  508. typically <span class="codefrag">${HADOOP_HOME}/conf</span>.</p>
  509. </div>
  510. <a name="N10318"></a><a name="Hadoop+Startup"></a>
  511. <h2 class="h3">Hadoop Startup</h2>
  512. <div class="section">
  513. <p>To start a Hadoop cluster you will need to start both the HDFS and
  514. Map-Reduce cluster.</p>
  515. <p>
  516. Format a new distributed filesystem:<br>
  517. <span class="codefrag">$ bin/hadoop namenode -format</span>
  518. </p>
  519. <p>
  520. Start the HDFS with the following command, run on the designated
  521. <span class="codefrag">NameNode</span>:<br>
  522. <span class="codefrag">$ bin/start-dfs.sh</span>
  523. </p>
  524. <p>The <span class="codefrag">bin/start-dfs.sh</span> script also consults the
  525. <span class="codefrag">${HADOOP_CONF_DIR}/slaves</span> file on the <span class="codefrag">NameNode</span>
  526. and starts the <span class="codefrag">DataNode</span> daemon on all the listed slaves.</p>
  527. <p>
  528. Start Map-Reduce with the following command, run on the designated
  529. <span class="codefrag">JobTracker</span>:<br>
  530. <span class="codefrag">$ bin/start-mapred.sh</span>
  531. </p>
  532. <p>The <span class="codefrag">bin/start-mapred.sh</span> script also consults the
  533. <span class="codefrag">${HADOOP_CONF_DIR}/slaves</span> file on the <span class="codefrag">JobTracker</span>
  534. and starts the <span class="codefrag">TaskTracker</span> daemon on all the listed slaves.
  535. </p>
  536. </div>
  537. <a name="N1035E"></a><a name="Hadoop+Shutdown"></a>
  538. <h2 class="h3">Hadoop Shutdown</h2>
  539. <div class="section">
  540. <p>
  541. Stop HDFS with the following command, run on the designated
  542. <span class="codefrag">NameNode</span>:<br>
  543. <span class="codefrag">$ bin/stop-dfs.sh</span>
  544. </p>
  545. <p>The <span class="codefrag">bin/stop-dfs.sh</span> script also consults the
  546. <span class="codefrag">${HADOOP_CONF_DIR}/slaves</span> file on the <span class="codefrag">NameNode</span>
  547. and stops the <span class="codefrag">DataNode</span> daemon on all the listed slaves.</p>
  548. <p>
  549. Stop Map-Reduce with the following command, run on the designated
  550. the designated <span class="codefrag">JobTracker</span>:<br>
  551. <span class="codefrag">$ bin/stop-mapred.sh</span>
  552. <br>
  553. </p>
  554. <p>The <span class="codefrag">bin/stop-mapred.sh</span> script also consults the
  555. <span class="codefrag">${HADOOP_CONF_DIR}/slaves</span> file on the <span class="codefrag">JobTracker</span>
  556. and stops the <span class="codefrag">TaskTracker</span> daemon on all the listed slaves.</p>
  557. </div>
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