/**
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 * distributed with this work for additional information
 * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
 * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.hadoop.net;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.TreeMap;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReadWriteLock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;

import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
import org.apache.commons.logging.Log;
import org.apache.commons.logging.LogFactory;
import org.apache.hadoop.classification.InterfaceAudience;
import org.apache.hadoop.classification.InterfaceStability;
import org.apache.hadoop.conf.Configuration;
import org.apache.hadoop.fs.CommonConfigurationKeysPublic;
import org.apache.hadoop.util.ReflectionUtils;

import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
import com.google.common.collect.Lists;

/** The class represents a cluster of computer with a tree hierarchical
 * network topology.
 * For example, a cluster may be consists of many data centers filled 
 * with racks of computers.
 * In a network topology, leaves represent data nodes (computers) and inner
 * nodes represent switches/routers that manage traffic in/out of data centers
 * or racks.  
 * 
 */
@InterfaceAudience.LimitedPrivate({"HDFS", "MapReduce"})
@InterfaceStability.Unstable
public class NetworkTopology {
  public final static String DEFAULT_RACK = "/default-rack";
  public final static int DEFAULT_HOST_LEVEL = 2;
  public static final Log LOG = 
    LogFactory.getLog(NetworkTopology.class);
    
  public static class InvalidTopologyException extends RuntimeException {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
    public InvalidTopologyException(String msg) {
      super(msg);
    }
  }
  
  /**
   * Get an instance of NetworkTopology based on the value of the configuration
   * parameter net.topology.impl.
   * 
   * @param conf the configuration to be used
   * @return an instance of NetworkTopology
   */
  public static NetworkTopology getInstance(Configuration conf){
    return ReflectionUtils.newInstance(
        conf.getClass(CommonConfigurationKeysPublic.NET_TOPOLOGY_IMPL_KEY,
        NetworkTopology.class, NetworkTopology.class), conf);
  }

  /** InnerNode represents a switch/router of a data center or rack.
   * Different from a leaf node, it has non-null children.
   */
  static class InnerNode extends NodeBase {
    protected List<Node> children=new ArrayList<Node>();
    private int numOfLeaves;
        
    /** Construct an InnerNode from a path-like string */
    InnerNode(String path) {
      super(path);
    }
        
    /** Construct an InnerNode from its name and its network location */
    InnerNode(String name, String location) {
      super(name, location);
    }
        
    /** Construct an InnerNode
     * from its name, its network location, its parent, and its level */
    InnerNode(String name, String location, InnerNode parent, int level) {
      super(name, location, parent, level);
    }
        
    /** @return its children */
    List<Node> getChildren() {return children;}
        
    /** @return the number of children this node has */
    int getNumOfChildren() {
      return children.size();
    }
        
    /** Judge if this node represents a rack 
     * @return true if it has no child or its children are not InnerNodes
     */ 
    boolean isRack() {
      if (children.isEmpty()) {
        return true;
      }
            
      Node firstChild = children.get(0);
      if (firstChild instanceof InnerNode) {
        return false;
      }
            
      return true;
    }
        
    /** Judge if this node is an ancestor of node <i>n</i>
     * 
     * @param n a node
     * @return true if this node is an ancestor of <i>n</i>
     */
    boolean isAncestor(Node n) {
      return getPath(this).equals(NodeBase.PATH_SEPARATOR_STR) ||
        (n.getNetworkLocation()+NodeBase.PATH_SEPARATOR_STR).
        startsWith(getPath(this)+NodeBase.PATH_SEPARATOR_STR);
    }
        
    /** Judge if this node is the parent of node <i>n</i>
     * 
     * @param n a node
     * @return true if this node is the parent of <i>n</i>
     */
    boolean isParent(Node n) {
      return n.getNetworkLocation().equals(getPath(this));
    }
        
    /* Return a child name of this node who is an ancestor of node <i>n</i> */
    private String getNextAncestorName(Node n) {
      if (!isAncestor(n)) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
                                           this + "is not an ancestor of " + n);
      }
      String name = n.getNetworkLocation().substring(getPath(this).length());
      if (name.charAt(0) == PATH_SEPARATOR) {
        name = name.substring(1);
      }
      int index=name.indexOf(PATH_SEPARATOR);
      if (index !=-1)
        name = name.substring(0, index);
      return name;
    }
        
    /** Add node <i>n</i> to the subtree of this node 
     * @param n node to be added
     * @return true if the node is added; false otherwise
     */
    boolean add(Node n) {
      if (!isAncestor(n))
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(n.getName()+", which is located at "
                +n.getNetworkLocation()+", is not a decendent of "
                +getPath(this));
      if (isParent(n)) {
        // this node is the parent of n; add n directly
        n.setParent(this);
        n.setLevel(this.level+1);
        for(int i=0; i<children.size(); i++) {
          if (children.get(i).getName().equals(n.getName())) {
            children.set(i, n);
            return false;
          }
        }
        children.add(n);
        numOfLeaves++;
        return true;
      } else {
        // find the next ancestor node
        String parentName = getNextAncestorName(n);
        InnerNode parentNode = null;
        for(int i=0; i<children.size(); i++) {
          if (children.get(i).getName().equals(parentName)) {
            parentNode = (InnerNode)children.get(i);
            break;
          }
        }
        if (parentNode == null) {
          // create a new InnerNode
          parentNode = createParentNode(parentName);
          children.add(parentNode);
        }
        // add n to the subtree of the next ancestor node
        if (parentNode.add(n)) {
          numOfLeaves++;
          return true;
        } else {
          return false;
        }
      }
    }

    /**
     * Creates a parent node to be added to the list of children.  
     * Creates a node using the InnerNode four argument constructor specifying 
     * the name, location, parent, and level of this node.
     * 
     * <p>To be overridden in subclasses for specific InnerNode implementations,
     * as alternative to overriding the full {@link #add(Node)} method.
     * 
     * @param parentName The name of the parent node
     * @return A new inner node
     * @see InnerNode#InnerNode(String, String, InnerNode, int)
     */
    protected InnerNode createParentNode(String parentName) {
      return new InnerNode(parentName, getPath(this), this, this.getLevel()+1);
    }

    /** Remove node <i>n</i> from the subtree of this node
     * @param n node to be deleted 
     * @return true if the node is deleted; false otherwise
     */
    boolean remove(Node n) {
      String parent = n.getNetworkLocation();
      String currentPath = getPath(this);
      if (!isAncestor(n))
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(n.getName()
                                           +", which is located at "
                                           +parent+", is not a descendent of "+currentPath);
      if (isParent(n)) {
        // this node is the parent of n; remove n directly
        for(int i=0; i<children.size(); i++) {
          if (children.get(i).getName().equals(n.getName())) {
            children.remove(i);
            numOfLeaves--;
            n.setParent(null);
            return true;
          }
        }
        return false;
      } else {
        // find the next ancestor node: the parent node
        String parentName = getNextAncestorName(n);
        InnerNode parentNode = null;
        int i;
        for(i=0; i<children.size(); i++) {
          if (children.get(i).getName().equals(parentName)) {
            parentNode = (InnerNode)children.get(i);
            break;
          }
        }
        if (parentNode==null) {
          return false;
        }
        // remove n from the parent node
        boolean isRemoved = parentNode.remove(n);
        // if the parent node has no children, remove the parent node too
        if (isRemoved) {
          if (parentNode.getNumOfChildren() == 0) {
            children.remove(i);
          }
          numOfLeaves--;
        }
        return isRemoved;
      }
    } // end of remove
        
    /** Given a node's string representation, return a reference to the node
     * @param loc string location of the form /rack/node
     * @return null if the node is not found or the childnode is there but
     * not an instance of {@link InnerNode}
     */
    private Node getLoc(String loc) {
      if (loc == null || loc.length() == 0) return this;
            
      String[] path = loc.split(PATH_SEPARATOR_STR, 2);
      Node childnode = null;
      for(int i=0; i<children.size(); i++) {
        if (children.get(i).getName().equals(path[0])) {
          childnode = children.get(i);
        }
      }
      if (childnode == null) return null; // non-existing node
      if (path.length == 1) return childnode;
      if (childnode instanceof InnerNode) {
        return ((InnerNode)childnode).getLoc(path[1]);
      } else {
        return null;
      }
    }
        
    /** get <i>leafIndex</i> leaf of this subtree 
     * if it is not in the <i>excludedNode</i>
     *
     * @param leafIndex an indexed leaf of the node
     * @param excludedNode an excluded node (can be null)
     * @return
     */
    Node getLeaf(int leafIndex, Node excludedNode) {
      int count=0;
      // check if the excluded node a leaf
      boolean isLeaf =
        excludedNode == null || !(excludedNode instanceof InnerNode);
      // calculate the total number of excluded leaf nodes
      int numOfExcludedLeaves =
        isLeaf ? 1 : ((InnerNode)excludedNode).getNumOfLeaves();
      if (isLeafParent()) { // children are leaves
        if (isLeaf) { // excluded node is a leaf node
          int excludedIndex = children.indexOf(excludedNode);
          if (excludedIndex != -1 && leafIndex >= 0) {
            // excluded node is one of the children so adjust the leaf index
            leafIndex = leafIndex>=excludedIndex ? leafIndex+1 : leafIndex;
          }
        }
        // range check
        if (leafIndex<0 || leafIndex>=this.getNumOfChildren()) {
          return null;
        }
        return children.get(leafIndex);
      } else {
        for(int i=0; i<children.size(); i++) {
          InnerNode child = (InnerNode)children.get(i);
          if (excludedNode == null || excludedNode != child) {
            // not the excludedNode
            int numOfLeaves = child.getNumOfLeaves();
            if (excludedNode != null && child.isAncestor(excludedNode)) {
              numOfLeaves -= numOfExcludedLeaves;
            }
            if (count+numOfLeaves > leafIndex) {
              // the leaf is in the child subtree
              return child.getLeaf(leafIndex-count, excludedNode);
            } else {
              // go to the next child
              count = count+numOfLeaves;
            }
          } else { // it is the excluededNode
            // skip it and set the excludedNode to be null
            excludedNode = null;
          }
        }
        return null;
      }
    }
    
    protected boolean isLeafParent() {
      return isRack();
    }

    /**
      * Determine if children a leaves, default implementation calls {@link #isRack()}
      * <p>To be overridden in subclasses for specific InnerNode implementations,
      * as alternative to overriding the full {@link #getLeaf(int, Node)} method.
      * 
      * @return true if children are leaves, false otherwise
      */
    protected boolean areChildrenLeaves() {
      return isRack();
    }

    /**
     * Get number of leaves.
     */
    int getNumOfLeaves() {
      return numOfLeaves;
    }
  } // end of InnerNode

  /**
   * the root cluster map
   */
  InnerNode clusterMap;
  /** Depth of all leaf nodes */
  private int depthOfAllLeaves = -1;
  /** rack counter */
  protected int numOfRacks = 0;
  /** the lock used to manage access */
  protected ReadWriteLock netlock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();

  public NetworkTopology() {
    clusterMap = new InnerNode(InnerNode.ROOT);
  }

  /** Add a leaf node
   * Update node counter & rack counter if necessary
   * @param node node to be added; can be null
   * @exception IllegalArgumentException if add a node to a leave 
                                         or node to be added is not a leaf
   */
  public void add(Node node) {
    if (node==null) return;
    int newDepth = NodeBase.locationToDepth(node.getNetworkLocation()) + 1;
    netlock.writeLock().lock();
    try {
      String oldTopoStr = this.toString();
      if( node instanceof InnerNode ) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException(
          "Not allow to add an inner node: "+NodeBase.getPath(node));
      }
      if ((depthOfAllLeaves != -1) && (depthOfAllLeaves != newDepth)) {
        LOG.error("Error: can't add leaf node " + NodeBase.getPath(node) +
            " at depth " + newDepth + " to topology:\n" + oldTopoStr);
        throw new InvalidTopologyException("Failed to add " + NodeBase.getPath(node) +
            ": You cannot have a rack and a non-rack node at the same " +
            "level of the network topology.");
      }
      Node rack = getNodeForNetworkLocation(node);
      if (rack != null && !(rack instanceof InnerNode)) {
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unexpected data node " 
                                           + node.toString() 
                                           + " at an illegal network location");
      }
      if (clusterMap.add(node)) {
        LOG.info("Adding a new node: "+NodeBase.getPath(node));
        if (rack == null) {
          numOfRacks++;
        }
        if (!(node instanceof InnerNode)) {
          if (depthOfAllLeaves == -1) {
            depthOfAllLeaves = node.getLevel();
          }
        }
      }
      if(LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
        LOG.debug("NetworkTopology became:\n" + this.toString());
      }
    } finally {
      netlock.writeLock().unlock();
    }
  }
  
  /**
   * Return a reference to the node given its string representation.
   * Default implementation delegates to {@link #getNode(String)}.
   * 
   * <p>To be overridden in subclasses for specific NetworkTopology 
   * implementations, as alternative to overriding the full {@link #add(Node)}
   *  method.
   * 
   * @param node The string representation of this node's network location is
   * used to retrieve a Node object. 
   * @return a reference to the node; null if the node is not in the tree
   * 
   * @see #add(Node)
   * @see #getNode(String)
   */
  protected Node getNodeForNetworkLocation(Node node) {
    return getNode(node.getNetworkLocation());
  }
  
  /**
   * Given a string representation of a rack, return its children
   * @param loc a path-like string representation of a rack
   * @return a newly allocated list with all the node's children
   */
  public List<Node> getDatanodesInRack(String loc) {
    netlock.readLock().lock();
    try {
      loc = NodeBase.normalize(loc);
      if (!NodeBase.ROOT.equals(loc)) {
        loc = loc.substring(1);
      }
      InnerNode rack = (InnerNode) clusterMap.getLoc(loc);
      if (rack == null) {
        return null;
      }
      return new ArrayList<Node>(rack.getChildren());
    } finally {
      netlock.readLock().unlock();
    }
  }

  /** Remove a node
   * Update node counter and rack counter if necessary
   * @param node node to be removed; can be null
   */ 
  public void remove(Node node) {
    if (node==null) return;
    if( node instanceof InnerNode ) {
      throw new IllegalArgumentException(
        "Not allow to remove an inner node: "+NodeBase.getPath(node));
    }
    LOG.info("Removing a node: "+NodeBase.getPath(node));
    netlock.writeLock().lock();
    try {
      if (clusterMap.remove(node)) {
        InnerNode rack = (InnerNode)getNode(node.getNetworkLocation());
        if (rack == null) {
          numOfRacks--;
        }
      }
      if(LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
        LOG.debug("NetworkTopology became:\n" + this.toString());
      }
    } finally {
      netlock.writeLock().unlock();
    }
  }

  /** Check if the tree contains node <i>node</i>
   * 
   * @param node a node
   * @return true if <i>node</i> is already in the tree; false otherwise
   */
  public boolean contains(Node node) {
    if (node == null) return false;
    netlock.readLock().lock();
    try {
      Node parent = node.getParent();
      for (int level = node.getLevel(); parent != null && level > 0;
           parent = parent.getParent(), level--) {
        if (parent == clusterMap) {
          return true;
        }
      }
    } finally {
      netlock.readLock().unlock();
    }
    return false; 
  }
    
  /** Given a string representation of a node, return its reference
   * 
   * @param loc
   *          a path-like string representation of a node
   * @return a reference to the node; null if the node is not in the tree
   */
  public Node getNode(String loc) {
    netlock.readLock().lock();
    try {
      loc = NodeBase.normalize(loc);
      if (!NodeBase.ROOT.equals(loc))
        loc = loc.substring(1);
      return clusterMap.getLoc(loc);
    } finally {
      netlock.readLock().unlock();
    }
  }
  
  /** Given a string representation of a rack for a specific network
   *  location
   * 
   * To be overridden in subclasses for specific NetworkTopology 
   * implementations, as alternative to overriding the full 
   * {@link #getRack(String)} method.
   * @param loc
   *          a path-like string representation of a network location
   * @return a rack string
   */
  public String getRack(String loc) {
    return loc;
  }
  
  /** @return the total number of racks */
  public int getNumOfRacks() {
    netlock.readLock().lock();
    try {
      return numOfRacks;
    } finally {
      netlock.readLock().unlock();
    }
  }

  /** @return the total number of leaf nodes */
  public int getNumOfLeaves() {
    netlock.readLock().lock();
    try {
      return clusterMap.getNumOfLeaves();
    } finally {
      netlock.readLock().unlock();
    }
  }

  /** Return the distance between two nodes
   * It is assumed that the distance from one node to its parent is 1
   * The distance between two nodes is calculated by summing up their distances
   * to their closest common ancestor.
   * @param node1 one node
   * @param node2 another node
   * @return the distance between node1 and node2 which is zero if they are the same
   *  or {@link Integer#MAX_VALUE} if node1 or node2 do not belong to the cluster
   */
  public int getDistance(Node node1, Node node2) {
    if (node1 == node2) {
      return 0;
    }
    Node n1=node1, n2=node2;
    int dis = 0;
    netlock.readLock().lock();
    try {
      int level1=node1.getLevel(), level2=node2.getLevel();
      while(n1!=null && level1>level2) {
        n1 = n1.getParent();
        level1--;
        dis++;
      }
      while(n2!=null && level2>level1) {
        n2 = n2.getParent();
        level2--;
        dis++;
      }
      while(n1!=null && n2!=null && n1.getParent()!=n2.getParent()) {
        n1=n1.getParent();
        n2=n2.getParent();
        dis+=2;
      }
    } finally {
      netlock.readLock().unlock();
    }
    if (n1==null) {
      LOG.warn("The cluster does not contain node: "+NodeBase.getPath(node1));
      return Integer.MAX_VALUE;
    }
    if (n2==null) {
      LOG.warn("The cluster does not contain node: "+NodeBase.getPath(node2));
      return Integer.MAX_VALUE;
    }
    return dis+2;
  }

  /** Check if two nodes are on the same rack
   * @param node1 one node (can be null)
   * @param node2 another node (can be null)
   * @return true if node1 and node2 are on the same rack; false otherwise
   * @exception IllegalArgumentException when either node1 or node2 is null, or
   * node1 or node2 do not belong to the cluster
   */
  public boolean isOnSameRack( Node node1,  Node node2) {
    if (node1 == null || node2 == null) {
      return false;
    }
      
    netlock.readLock().lock();
    try {
      return isSameParents(node1, node2);
    } finally {
      netlock.readLock().unlock();
    }
  }
  
  /**
   * Check if network topology is aware of NodeGroup
   */
  public boolean isNodeGroupAware() {
    return false;
  }
  
  /** 
   * Return false directly as not aware of NodeGroup, to be override in sub-class
   */
  public boolean isOnSameNodeGroup(Node node1, Node node2) {
    return false;
  }

  /**
   * Compare the parents of each node for equality
   * 
   * <p>To be overridden in subclasses for specific NetworkTopology 
   * implementations, as alternative to overriding the full 
   * {@link #isOnSameRack(Node, Node)} method.
   * 
   * @param node1 the first node to compare
   * @param node2 the second node to compare
   * @return true if their parents are equal, false otherwise
   * 
   * @see #isOnSameRack(Node, Node)
   */
  protected boolean isSameParents(Node node1, Node node2) {
    return node1.getParent()==node2.getParent();
  }

  private static final Random r = new Random();

  @VisibleForTesting
  void setRandomSeed(long seed) {
    r.setSeed(seed);
  }

  /** randomly choose one node from <i>scope</i>
   * if scope starts with ~, choose one from the all nodes except for the
   * ones in <i>scope</i>; otherwise, choose one from <i>scope</i>
   * @param scope range of nodes from which a node will be chosen
   * @return the chosen node
   */
  public Node chooseRandom(String scope) {
    netlock.readLock().lock();
    try {
      if (scope.startsWith("~")) {
        return chooseRandom(NodeBase.ROOT, scope.substring(1));
      } else {
        return chooseRandom(scope, null);
      }
    } finally {
      netlock.readLock().unlock();
    }
  }

  private Node chooseRandom(String scope, String excludedScope){
    if (excludedScope != null) {
      if (scope.startsWith(excludedScope)) {
        return null;
      }
      if (!excludedScope.startsWith(scope)) {
        excludedScope = null;
      }
    }
    Node node = getNode(scope);
    if (!(node instanceof InnerNode)) {
      return node;
    }
    InnerNode innerNode = (InnerNode)node;
    int numOfDatanodes = innerNode.getNumOfLeaves();
    if (excludedScope == null) {
      node = null;
    } else {
      node = getNode(excludedScope);
      if (!(node instanceof InnerNode)) {
        numOfDatanodes -= 1;
      } else {
        numOfDatanodes -= ((InnerNode)node).getNumOfLeaves();
      }
    }
    if (numOfDatanodes == 0) {
      throw new InvalidTopologyException(
          "Failed to find datanode (scope=\"" + String.valueOf(scope) +
          "\" excludedScope=\"" + String.valueOf(excludedScope) + "\").");
    }
    int leaveIndex = r.nextInt(numOfDatanodes);
    return innerNode.getLeaf(leaveIndex, node);
  }

  /** return leaves in <i>scope</i>
   * @param scope a path string
   * @return leaves nodes under specific scope
   */
  public List<Node> getLeaves(String scope) {
    Node node = getNode(scope);
    List<Node> leafNodes = new ArrayList<Node>();
    if (!(node instanceof InnerNode)) {
      leafNodes.add(node);
    } else {
      InnerNode innerNode = (InnerNode) node;
      for (int i=0;i<innerNode.getNumOfLeaves();i++) {
        leafNodes.add(innerNode.getLeaf(i, null));
      }
    }
    return leafNodes;
  }

  /** return the number of leaves in <i>scope</i> but not in <i>excludedNodes</i>
   * if scope starts with ~, return the number of nodes that are not
   * in <i>scope</i> and <i>excludedNodes</i>; 
   * @param scope a path string that may start with ~
   * @param excludedNodes a list of nodes
   * @return number of available nodes
   */
  public int countNumOfAvailableNodes(String scope,
                                      Collection<Node> excludedNodes) {
    boolean isExcluded=false;
    if (scope.startsWith("~")) {
      isExcluded=true;
      scope=scope.substring(1);
    }
    scope = NodeBase.normalize(scope);
    int excludedCountInScope = 0; // the number of nodes in both scope & excludedNodes
    int excludedCountOffScope = 0; // the number of nodes outside scope & excludedNodes
    netlock.readLock().lock();
    try {
      for (Node node : excludedNodes) {
        node = getNode(NodeBase.getPath(node));
        if (node == null) {
          continue;
        }
        if ((NodeBase.getPath(node) + NodeBase.PATH_SEPARATOR_STR)
            .startsWith(scope + NodeBase.PATH_SEPARATOR_STR)) {
          excludedCountInScope++;
        } else {
          excludedCountOffScope++;
        }
      }
      Node n = getNode(scope);
      int scopeNodeCount = 0;
      if (n != null) {
        scopeNodeCount++;
      }
      if (n instanceof InnerNode) {
        scopeNodeCount=((InnerNode)n).getNumOfLeaves();
      }
      if (isExcluded) {
        return clusterMap.getNumOfLeaves() - scopeNodeCount
            - excludedCountOffScope;
      } else {
        return scopeNodeCount - excludedCountInScope;
      }
    } finally {
      netlock.readLock().unlock();
    }
  }

  /** convert a network tree to a string */
  @Override
  public String toString() {
    // print the number of racks
    StringBuilder tree = new StringBuilder();
    tree.append("Number of racks: ");
    tree.append(numOfRacks);
    tree.append("\n");
    // print the number of leaves
    int numOfLeaves = getNumOfLeaves();
    tree.append("Expected number of leaves:");
    tree.append(numOfLeaves);
    tree.append("\n");
    // print nodes
    for(int i=0; i<numOfLeaves; i++) {
      tree.append(NodeBase.getPath(clusterMap.getLeaf(i, null)));
      tree.append("\n");
    }
    return tree.toString();
  }
  
  /**
   * Divide networklocation string into two parts by last separator, and get 
   * the first part here.
   * 
   * @param networkLocation
   * @return
   */
  public static String getFirstHalf(String networkLocation) {
    int index = networkLocation.lastIndexOf(NodeBase.PATH_SEPARATOR_STR);
    return networkLocation.substring(0, index);
  }

  /**
   * Divide networklocation string into two parts by last separator, and get 
   * the second part here.
   * 
   * @param networkLocation
   * @return
   */
  public static String getLastHalf(String networkLocation) {
    int index = networkLocation.lastIndexOf(NodeBase.PATH_SEPARATOR_STR);
    return networkLocation.substring(index);
  }

  /**
   * Returns an integer weight which specifies how far away {node} is away from
   * {reader}. A lower value signifies that a node is closer.
   * 
   * @param reader Node where data will be read
   * @param node Replica of data
   * @return weight
   */
  protected int getWeight(Node reader, Node node) {
    // 0 is local, 1 is same rack, 2 is off rack
    // Start off by initializing to off rack
    int weight = 2;
    if (reader != null) {
      if (reader.equals(node)) {
        weight = 0;
      } else if (isOnSameRack(reader, node)) {
        weight = 1;
      }
    }
    return weight;
  }

  /**
   * Sort nodes array by network distance to <i>reader</i>.
   * <p/>
   * In a three-level topology, a node can be either local, on the same rack,
   * or on a different rack from the reader. Sorting the nodes based on network
   * distance from the reader reduces network traffic and improves
   * performance.
   * <p/>
   * As an additional twist, we also randomize the nodes at each network
   * distance. This helps with load balancing when there is data skew.
   *
   * @param reader    Node where data will be read
   * @param nodes     Available replicas with the requested data
   * @param activeLen Number of active nodes at the front of the array
   */
  public void sortByDistance(Node reader, Node[] nodes, int activeLen) {
    /** Sort weights for the nodes array */
    int[] weights = new int[activeLen];
    for (int i=0; i<activeLen; i++) {
      weights[i] = getWeight(reader, nodes[i]);
    }
    // Add weight/node pairs to a TreeMap to sort
    TreeMap<Integer, List<Node>> tree = new TreeMap<Integer, List<Node>>();
    for (int i=0; i<activeLen; i++) {
      int weight = weights[i];
      Node node = nodes[i];
      List<Node> list = tree.get(weight);
      if (list == null) {
        list = Lists.newArrayListWithExpectedSize(1);
        tree.put(weight, list);
      }
      list.add(node);
    }

    int idx = 0;
    for (List<Node> list: tree.values()) {
      if (list != null) {
        Collections.shuffle(list, r);
        for (Node n: list) {
          nodes[idx] = n;
          idx++;
        }
      }
    }
    Preconditions.checkState(idx == activeLen,
        "Sorted the wrong number of nodes!");
  }
}
